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Morphology, Systematics, and Taxonomy of Owl Monkeys

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Owl Monkeys

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

Owl monkeys, genus Aotus, are distributed from Panama to the northeast of Argentina and from the highlands of the Andes to the Atlantic coast. They are relatively small arboreal platyrrhines (0.7–1.5 kg) that show no conspicuous sexual dimorphism in body mass, size, body proportions or coloration, and facial markings. They live in small groups of one reproducing pair of adults and some young; the adult male in the group provides consistent and frequent care to the infants. Aotus, the only primate genus in Central and South America with nocturnal habits, has evolved a number of derived adaptations for dim light vision. Their diet, including fruit, some structural carbohydrates and insects, is related to their broad, cebine-like incisors, relatively small, sexually dimorphic canine teeth, and molar morphology. The classification of Aotus at the family and subfamily levels and the number of recognized species and subspecies within the genus remain unsettled. Morphological studies consider the genus to have a close affinity to the Pitheciidae, whereas molecular studies consider that the affinity of Aotus is closest to the Cebidae. Aotus is a sibling species complex, making it difficult for researchers to distinguish species based on external phenotype. The early division of the genus into nine species organized into two groups based on their karyotypes, coloration of the neck, and their susceptibility to malaria has been refuted by several phylogenetic studies. Even though wide differences in chromosome number argue for the primacy of recent chromosome evolution among the Aotus taxa, some problems of karyomorphs to distinguish species need to be considered. Variable taxonomic views throughout the development of our understanding of the variability of Aotus have recognized the number of species of Aotus as being from 1 to 11. Presently, up to 11 species can be recognized based on phenotypes, chromosomes, and lately molecular biology; we provide here evidence of a natural hybrid based on A. brumbacki and another, closely related and undescribed species that would bring the number of species to 12.

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Acknowledgments

EFD thanks Bellamar Estancias and Fundación ECO for their support and the Formosa Province and Argentinean governments for permission to conduct the research on Aotus azarae that is considered here. Since 1996, fieldwork for the Owl Monkey Project of Formosa, Argentina, was made available through grants from the Zoological Society of San Diego, Wenner-Gren Foundation, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation (NSF-BCS-0621020, 1232349, 1503753, 1848954; RAPID-1219368, DDIG-1540255; NSF-REU 0837921, 0924352, 1026991) and the National Institutes of Aging (NIA- P30 AG012836-19, NICHD R24 HD-044964-11). The Owl Monkey Project has also received institutional support from San Diego Zoo Global (formerly the Zoological Society of San Diego), the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. TRD thanks Marta Bueno, Maria Victoria Monsalve, and Manuel Ruiz Garcia for their interest in and work on the Colombia Aotus species and efforts to clarify the karyology, molecular biology, and taxonomy. TRD thanks the University de los Andes and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia for laboratory and caging facilities for Aotus specimens, as well as financial support from P. Hershkovitz and R. Brumback.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Owl Monkey Project-Fundación ECO, Formosa, Argentina

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

  2. Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

  3. Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque & Cecilia P. Juárez

  4. Centro de Ecología y Biodiversidad del Chaco Argentino, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina

    Cecilia P. Juárez

  5. Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

    Thomas R. Defler

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Fernandez-Duque, E., Juárez, C.P., Defler, T.R. (2023). Morphology, Systematics, and Taxonomy of Owl Monkeys. In: Fernandez-Duque, E. (eds) Owl Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13555-2_1

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