Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Threats and Conservation of Owl Monkeys (Aotus spp.) in the Andes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Owl Monkeys

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

The montane forests of the Andes extend from northern Colombia, south through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, and include parts of the distributions of Aotus azarae, A. brumbacki, A griseimembra, A. jorgehernandezi, A. nigriceps, A. vociferans, and A. zonalis, with A. lemurinus and A. miconax restricted to elevations >900 and >1400 m.a.s.l, although more research is still needed on the elevational distributions of most of these species. The Andes support relatively high human population densities even in rural areas (avg. 101.6 people/km2). The main threats to owl monkeys and their habitats in the Andes are from farming, human population expansion, mining, and logging. However, protected areas and the genus’ relatively small body size, nocturnal habits, and behavioral plasticity may help owl monkeys survive in the region. Locally managed conservation projects and less damaging agricultural practices, such as shade-grown crops, could prove key to successful conservation efforts for owl monkeys in the Andes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allgas N, Fernández-Hidalgo L, Shanee S (2023) Owl monkey population densities and factors related to occupancy rates and detectability. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Álvarez MD (2003) Forests in the time of violence. J Sustain For 16(3–4):47–68. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v16n03_03

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez Gonçalvez CV, Mudry MD, Nieves M (2012) Biogeografía de Aotus (Primates) y modelos de distribucion de especies. Editorial Académica Espanola, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RP, Araújo M, Guisan A, Lobo JM, Martínez-Meyer E, Townsend Peterson A, Soberón J (2016) Final report of the task group on GBIF data fitness for use in distribution modelling: are species occurrence data in global online repositories fit for modeling species distributions? The case of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquino R, Terrones W, Navarro R, Terrones C, Cornejo FM (2008) Caza y estado de conservación de primates en la cuenca del río Itaya, Loreto, Perú. Rev Peru Biol 15:33–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino R, López L, Dignum J, Díaz S, Falcón R (2018) Diversidad y abundancia de primates en bosques de baja y alta perturbación humana de Los Chilchos, Amazonas, Perú. Rev Peru Biol 25(4):407–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington A (2009) The new extraction: rewriting the political ecology of the Andes? NACLA Rep Am 42(5):12–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington A, Humphreys Bebbington D, Bury J, Lingan J, Muñoz JP, Scurrah M (2008) Mining and social movements: struggles over livelihood and rural territorial development in the Andes. World Dev 36(12):2888–2905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borsdorf A, Stadel C (2015) The cultural development of the Andes. In: Borsdorf A, Stadel C (eds) The Andes: a geographical portrait. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 99–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03530-7_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Burgman MA, Fox JC (2003) Bias in species range estimates from minimum convex polygons: implications for conservation and options for improved planning. Anim Conserv 6(1):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943003003044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante-Manrique S, Botero-Henao N (2018) Patrón de actividad, área de hogar y dieta de Aotus lemurinus (Primates:Aotidae) en fragmentos de bosque peri-urbanos en Manizales, Colombia. Universidad de Caldas, Colombia

    Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante-Manrique S, Botero-Henao N, Castaño JH, Link A (2021) Activity budget, home range and diet of the Colombian night monkey (Aotus lemurinus) in peri-urban forest fragments. Primates. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00895-w

  • Caldecott JO (1980) Habitat quality and populations of two sympatric gibbons (Hylobatidae) on a mountain in Malaya. Folia Primatol 33(4):291–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell N, Nekaris KAI, Pereira TS, Allgas N, Shanee S (2019) Occupancy modeling for the conservation assessment of the Peruvian night monkey (Aotus miconax). Primate Conserv 33:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaño JH, Cardona DM (2005) Presencia del mono nocturno Andino (Aotus lemurinus I. Geoffroy-St. Hilaire, 1843) en fragmentos de bosque de la cuenca media del Rio Cauca. Boletin Cientifico - Centro de Museos 9:111–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaño JH, Saba YM, Botero JE, Vélez JH (2003) Mamíferos del departamento de Caldas-Colombia. Biota colombiana 4(2):247–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaño JH, Ramirez DC, Botero JE (2010) Ecologia del mono nocturno Andino (Aotus lemurinus) en fragmentos de bosque subandinos de Colombia. In: Pereira-Bengoa V, Stevenson PR, Bueno ML, Nassar-Montoya F (eds) Primatologia en Colombia: Avances al principio del milenio. Fundacion Universitaria San Martin, Bogota, pp 67–90

    Google Scholar 

  • CEPF (2015) Ecosystem profile Tropical Andes Biodiveristy hotspot. Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund

    Google Scholar 

  • CEPF (2017a) Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund: Tropical Andes Hotspot. http://www.cepf.net/where_we_work/regions/south_america/tropical_andes/Pages/default.aspx

  • CEPF (2017b) Critical Ecosystmes Partnership Fund. Tumbes-Choco-Darien Hotspot. http://www.cepf.net/resources/hotspots/South-America/Pages/Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena.aspx. Accessed 29/05/17

  • Cormier L (2006) A preliminary review of neotropical primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples. Ecol Environ Anthrop (University of Georgia) 2(1):14

    Google Scholar 

  • Dávalos LM, Bejarano AC, Hall MA, Correa HL, Corthals A, Espejo OJ (2011) Forests and drugs: Coca-driven deforestation in tropical biodiversity hotspots. Environ Sci Technol 45(4):1219–1227. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102373d

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dávalos LM, Sanchez KM, Armenteras D (2016) Deforestation and Coca cultivation rooted in twentieth-century development projects. Bioscience 66(11):974–982. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR (2004) Primates of Colombia. Conservation International, Bogota

    Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR, Bueno ML (2007) Aotus diversity and the species problem. Primate Conserv 22:55–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Valencia LM, Martins A (2023, this volume) Phylogenetics and phylogeography of owl monkeys (Aotus): the molecular evidence. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald PF (2004) Biodiversity impacts of some agricultural commodity production systems. Conserv Biol 18(1):17–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.01803.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ESRI (2018) ArcGIS desktop, 10th edn. Environmental Systems Research Institute, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada A, Coates-Estrada R, Meritt D Jr (1994) Non flying mammals and landscape changes in the tropical rain forest region of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Ecography 17(3):229–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1994.tb00098.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada A, Raboy BE, Oliveira LC (2012) Agroecosystems and primate conservation in the tropics: a review. Am J Primatol 74(8):696–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB, Roos C, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A, Nekaris KA-I, Nijman V, Heymann EW, Lambert JE, Rovero F, Barelli C, Setchell JM, Gillespie TR, Mittermeier RA, Arregoitia LV, de Guinea M, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Shanee S, Shanee N, Boyle SA, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Amato KR, Meyer ALS, Wich S, Sussman RW, Pan R, Kone I, Li B (2017) Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: why primates matter. Sci Adv 3(1):e1600946

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2020) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2020. FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 16 Jan 2020

  • Fernández-Duque E (2011) Aotinae: social monogamy in the only nocturnal haplorhines. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, Mackinnin KC, Panger M, Bearder SK (eds) Primates in perspective, vol 2, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 139–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque E, Juárez CP, Defler TR (2023 this volume) Morphology, systematics and taxonomy of owl monkeys. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Finer M, Mamani N (2018) Deforestation in the Andean Amazon (Trends, Hotspots, Drivers). MAAP Synthesis #3

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjeldså J, Álvarez MD, Lazcano JM, León B (2005) Illicit crops and armed conflict as constraints on biodiversity conservation in the Andes region. AMBIO J Hum Environ 34(3):205–211. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.3.205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frahm J-P, Gradstein SR (1991) An altitudinal zonation of tropical rain forests using byrophytes. J Biogeogr 18(6):669–678. https://doi.org/10.2307/2845548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallina S, Mandujano S, Gonzalez-Romero A (1996) Conservation of mammalian biodiversity in coffee plantations of Central Veracruz, Mexico. Agrofor Syst 33(1):13–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Ayachi LA (2015) Diversidad y aspectos poblacionales de los primates en bosques de neblina de la región Huánuco. Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Peru, Perú

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnett ST, Burgess ND, Fa JE, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Molnár Z, Robinson CJ, Watson JEM, Zander KK, Austin B, Brondizio ES, Collier NF, Duncan T, Ellis E, Geyle H, Jackson MV, Jonas H, Malmer P, McGowan B, Sivongxay A, Leiper I (2018) A spatial overview of the global importance of indigenous lands for conservation. Nat Sustain 1(7):369–374. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0100-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez H, Wallace RB, Veitch C (2001) Diversidad y abundancia de mamíferos medianos y grandes en el noreste del área de influencia del Parque Nacional Madidi durante la época húmeda. Ecología en Bolivia 36:17–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham A (2009) The Andes: a geological overview from a biological perspective. Ann Mo Bot Gard 96(3):371–385. https://doi.org/10.3417/2007146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grow NB (2014) Altitudinal distribution and ranging patterns of Pygmy Tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus). In: Grow NB, Gursky-Doyen S, Krzton A (eds) High altitude primates. Springer, New York, pp 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8175-1_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grow N, Gursky S, Duma Y (2013) Altitude and forest edges influence the density and distribution of Pygmy Tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus). Am J Primatol 75(5):464–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán A, Link A, Castillo JA, Botero JE (2016) Agroecosystems and primate conservation: shade coffee as potential habitat for the conservation of Andean night monkeys in the northern Andes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 215:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henao-Isaza JR, Payán-Montoya JE, López-Barrera AM, Grajales-Suaza E, Villa-Ramírez JJ, Betancourt-Torres JM (2020) Inventario de mamíferos no voladores en remanentes de bosque seco tropical en el valle del río Cauca, Cartago, Colombia. Mammal Notes 6(2). https://doi.org/10.47603/mano.v6n2.144

  • Hernandez-Camacho J, Cooper RW (1976) The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In: Thorington RWJ, Heltne PG (eds) Neotropical primates: field studies and conservation. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 35–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershkovitz P (1983) Two new species of night monkeys, genus Aotus (Cebidae, platyrrhini): a preliminary report on Aotus taxonomy. Am J Primatol 4(3):209–243. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350040302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirche A, Jimenez A, Roncancio-Duque N, Ansorge H (2017) Population density of Aotus cf. lemurinus (primates: Aotidae) in a Subandean forest patch on the eastern slopes of the Western Andes, region of Dapa, Yumbo, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Primate Conserv 31:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • INRENA (2002a) Expediente tecnico de Catagorizacion de la Zona Reservada Apurimac: Reserva Comunal Ashaninka. Miniterio de Agricultura, Lima

    Google Scholar 

  • INRENA (2002b) Expediente tecnico de categorizacion de la Zona Reservada Vilcabamba: Parque Nacional Otishi. Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2013) Documentation standards and consistency checks for IUCN Red List assessments and species accounts. Version 2. Adopted by the IUCN Red List Committee and IUCN SSC Steering Committee. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. IUCN, Gand, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2020) IUCN Red list of threatened species. www.redlist.org. Accessed 07 June 2020

  • Jarvis A, Touval JL, Schmitz MC, Sotomayor L, Hyman GG (2010) Assessment of threats to ecosystems in South America. J Nat Conserv 18(3):180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2009.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jha S, Bacon CM, Philpott SM, Ernesto Méndez V, Läderach P, Rice RA (2014) Shade coffee: update on a disappearing refuge for biodiversity. Bioscience 64(5):416–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jolie EA, Lynch TF, Geib PR, Adovasio JM (2011) Cordage, textiles, and the late Pleistocene peopling of the Andes. Curr Anthropol 52(2):285–296. https://doi.org/10.1086/659336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krzton A, Grow NB, Gursky-Doyen S (2013) Introduction. In: Grow NB, Gursky-Doyen S, Krzton A (eds) High altitude primates. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp XV–XXI

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman SM (2014) Effects of altitude on the conservation biogeography of Lemurs in SouthEast Madagascar. In: Grow NB, Gursky-Doyen S, Krzton A (eds) High altitude primates. Springer, New York, pp 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8175-1_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Little MA (1981) Human populations in the Andes: the human science basis for research planning. Mt Res Dev 1:145–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado AM, Waters S (2017) Primate trade (Neotropics). In: Fuentes A (ed) International Encyclopedia of primatology. Wiley-Blackwell

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado AM, Soto-Calderón ID, Hinek A, Moreno-Sierra A, Lafon T, Londoño D, Peralta-Aguilar A, Inga-Díaz G, Sánchez N, Mendoza P (2023, this volume) Conservation status of the Nancy Ma’s owl monkey (Aotus nancymaae, Hershkovitz, 1983) on the Colombian-Peruvian Amazon Border. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantilla-Meluk H, Jiménez-Ortega AM (2011) Revisiting the taxonomic status and ecological partitioning of night monkeys genus Aotus in western Colombia, with notes on Aotus zonalis Goldman, 1914. Revista Biodiversidad Neotropical 1(1):28–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall AR, Topp-Jorgensen J, Brink H, Fanning E (2005) Monkey abundance and social structure in two high-elevation forest reserves in the Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania. Int J Primatol 26(1):127–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-005-0011-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez-Carvajal PG, González-Hernández PA, Hernández-Jaramillo A, Shanee S (2023, this volume) Field surveys and conservation status of the Panamanian owl monkey (Aotus zonalis). In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA, Turner WR, Larsen FW, Brooks TM, Gascon C (2011) Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots. In: Zachos FE, Habel JC (eds) Biodiversity hotspots: distribution and protection of conservation priority areas. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Moguel P, Toledo VM (1999) Biodiversity conservation in traditional coffee systems of Mexico. Conserv Biol 13(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97153.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monfreda C, Ramankutty N, Foley JA (2008) Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002947

  • Montilla SO, Rios-Soto JA, Mantilla-Castaño JC, Patiño-Siro D, Bustamante-Manrique S, Botero-Henao N, Ruiz S, Arias-Monsalve HF, Link A, Ramírez-Chaves HE (2020) Eventos de electrocución de Aotus lemurinus (Primates: Aotidae) en los Andes Centrales de Colombia. Mammal Notes 6(2). https://doi.org/10.47603/mano.v6n2.183

  • Montilla SO, Mopán-Chilito AM, Murcia LNS, Triana JDM, Ruiz OMC, Montoya-Cepeda J, Gutierrez-Barreto DA, Holguín-Vivas JA, Agámez CJ, Pérez-Grisales LJ, Cruz-Moncada M, Corredor-Durango NJ, Díaz EAC, Cardona-Cardona AH, Franco-Pérez E, Rivera-Ospina AM, Link A (2021) Activity patterns, diet and home range of night monkeys (Aotus griseimembra and Aotus lemurinus) in tropical lowland and mountain forests of Central Colombia. Int J Primatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00192-1

  • Morales E (1986) Coca and cocaine economy and social change in the Andes of Peru. Econ Dev Cult Chang 35(1):143–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nijman V (2014) Distribution and ecology of the most tropical of the high-elevation montane Colobines: the ebony langur on Java. In: Grow N, Gursky-Doyen S, Krzton A (eds) High altitude primates. Springer, New York, pp 115–132

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Orlove BS (1985) The history of the Andes: a brief overview. Mt Res Dev 5:45–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parathian HE, Maldonado AM (2010) Human–nonhuman primate interactions amongst Tikuna people: perceptions and local initiatives for resource management in Amacayacu in the Colombian Amazon. Am J Primatol 72(10):855–865. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20816

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearsall DM (2008) Plant domestication and the shift to agriculture in the Andes. In: Silverman H, Isbell WH (eds) The handbook of South American archaeology. Springer, New York, pp 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pelupessy W (2003) Environmental issues in the production of beverages: global coffee chain. Environmentally Friendly Food Processing Woodhead Publishing Limited, Boca Raton, pp 95–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Perea-Rodriguez JP, de la Iglesia H, Fernandez-Duque E (2023 this volume) What owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) tell us about the dynamics between thermo-energetics and organismal biology. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA (2000) Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structure in Amazonian forests. Conserv Biol 14(1):240–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA, Dolman PM (2000) Density compensation in neotropical primate communities: evidence from 56 hunted and nonhunted Amazonian forests of varying productivity. Oecologia 122(2):175–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00008845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA, Nascimento HS (2006) Impact of game hunting by the Kayapo of South-Eastern Amazonia: implications for wildlife conservation in tropical forest indigenous reserves. Biodivers Conserv 15(8):2627–2653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-5406-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perfecto I, Armbrecht I (2003) The coffee agroecosystem in the Neotropics: combining ecological and economic goals. In: Tropical agroecosystems. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 159–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfecto I, Vandermeer J, Mas A, Pinto LS (2005) Biodiversity, yield, and shade coffee certification. Ecol Econ 54(4):435–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rímoli J, Lynch Alfaro J, Pinto T, Ravetta A, Romero-Valenzuela D, Rumiz DI (2018) Aotus azarae. IUCN. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T41539A17923064.en. Accessed 20 May 2020

  • Rodríguez Eraso N, Armenteras-Pascual D, Alumbreros JR (2013) Land use and land cover change in the Colombian Andes: dynamics and future scenarios. J Land Use Sci 8(2):154–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2011.650228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberger AL, Tejedor MF (2023, this volume) Why owl monkeys are Pitheciids: morphology, adaptations and the evolutionary history of the Aotus lineage. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe N, Myers M (2016) All the worlds primates. Pogonias Press, Rhode Island

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumiz DI, Eulert CF, Arispe R (1998) Evaluación de la diversidad de mamíferos medianos y grandes en el Parque Nacional Carrasco (Cochabamba-Bolivia). Revista Boliviana de ecología y conservación ambiental 4:77–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S (2009) Modelling spider monkeys Ateles spp. Gray, 1825: ecological responses and conservation implications to increased elevation. J Threat Taxa 1(9):450–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S (2011) Distribution survey and threat assessment of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Oreonax flavicauda; Humboldt 1812), Northeastern Peru. Int J Primatol 32(3):691–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9495-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N (2012a) The dynamics of threats and conservation efforts for the tropical Andes hotspot in Amazonas and San Martin, Peru. Kent University, Canterbury

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N (2012b) Trends in local wildlife hunting, trade and control in the Tropical Andes Hotspot. Northeastern Peru Endanger Spec Res 19(2):177–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S (2016) Predicting future effects of multiple drivers of extinction risk in Peru’s endemic primate Fauna. In: Waller TM (ed) Ethnoprimatology: Primate conservation in the 21st century. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 315–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Allgas N, Shanee N (2013a) Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of the Peruvian night monkey (Aotus miconax: Primates) in a remnant cloud forest patch, north eastern Peru. Trop Conserv Sci 6(1):138–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Shanee N, Campbell N, Allgas N (2013b) Biogeography and conservation of Andean primates in Peru. In: Grow NB, Gursky-Doyen S, Krzton A (eds) High altitude primates. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 63–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Allgas N, Shanee N, Campbell N (2015) Distribution, ecological niche modelling and conservation assessment of the Peruvian night monkey (Mammalia: primates: Aotidae: Aotus miconax Thomas, 1927) in northeastern Peru, with notes on the distributions of Aotus spp. J Threat Taxa 7(3):6947–6964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Shanee N, Monteferri B, Allgas N, Alarcon Pardo A, Horwich RH (2017) Protected area coverage of threatened vertebrates and ecoregions in Peru: comparison of communal, private and state reserves. J Environ Manag 202(Part 1):12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Aquino R, Cornejo FM, Mittermeier RA, Vermeer J (2019) Lagothrix flavicauda. IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39924/17924112. Accessed 09/04/20 2020

  • Shanee S, Mendoza PA, Maldonado AM, Fernández-Hidalgo L, Svensson MS (2023a, this volume) Traffic and trade in owl monkeys. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Tirira DG, Aquino R, Carretero-Pinzón X, Link A, Maldonado AM, Mendez-Carvajal P, Urbani B, Wallace R, Juárez CP, Fernandez-Duque E (2023b this volume) Geographic distribution of owl monkeys. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockwell CA, Hendry AP, Kinnison MT (2003) Contemporary evolution meets conservation biology. Trends Ecol Evol 18(2):94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00044-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szpiech ZA, Novak TE, Bailey NP, Stevison LS (2020) High-altitude adaptation in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv:202020052019104380. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.19.104380

  • Terán-Sánchez S, Díaz-Arango A, Arias-Monsalve HF, Ramírez-Chaves HE (2021) New records of mammals of the Coffee Region, Central Andes of Colombia using citizen science. Neotrop Biol Conserv 16(1):27–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tirira D (2007) Mamiferos del Ecuador, vol 1. Murcielago Blanco, Quito, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres OM, Enciso S, Ruiz F, Silva E, Yunis I (1998) Chromosome diversity of the genus Aotus from Colombia. Am J Primatol 44(4):255–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)44:4<255::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-V

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twinomugisha D, Wasserman MD, Chapman CA (2014) Deriving conservation status for a high altitude population: Golden monkeys of Mgahinga gorilla National Park, Uganda. In: Grow N, Gursky-Doyen S, Krzton A (eds) High altitude primates. Springer, New York, pp 227–243

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Urbani B (2023, this volume) The ethnoprimatology of owl monkeys (Aotus spp.): from past to present. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Venter O, Fuller RA, Segan DB, Carwardine J, Brooks T, Butchart SHM, Di Marco M, Iwamura T, Joseph L, O'Grady D, Possingham HP, Rondinini C, Smith RJ, Venter M, Watson JEM (2014) Targeting global protected area expansion for imperiled biodiversity. PLoS Biol 12(6):e1001891

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeer J, Shanee S (2020) Plecturocebus oenanthe (San Martin titi monkey). IUCN. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3553/17975319. Accessed 15 Dec 2020

  • Watts DP (1988) Environmental influences on mountain gorilla time budgets. Am J Primatol 15(3):195–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350150303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wich S, Usher G, Peters HH, Khakim MFR, Nowak MG, Fredriksson GM (2014) Preliminary data on the Highland Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii) of Batang Toru. In: Grow N, Gursky S, Krzton A (eds) High altitude primates. Springer, New York, pp 265–283

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Young KR (1996) Threats to biological diversity caused by coca/cocaine deforestation in Peru. Environ Conserv 23(1):7–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900038200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Wang G-D, Ruan J, Chen Y-B, Yang C-P, Cao X, Wu H, Liu Y-H, Du Z-L, Wang X-P, Yang J, Cheng S-C, Zhong L, Wang L, Wang X, Hu J-Y, Fang L, Bai B, Wang K-L, Yuan N, Wu S-F, Li B-G, Zhang J-G, Yang Y-Q, Zhang C-L, Long Y-C, Li H-S, Yang J-Y, Irwin DM, Ryder OA, Li Y, Wu C-I, Zhang Y-P (2016) Genomic analysis of snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus) identifies genes and processes related to high-altitude adaptation. Nat Genet 48(8):947–952. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3615

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Alejandro Estrada, and one anonymous reviewer for their comments and suggestion which helped improve this manuscript. I wish to thank Magdalena Svensson, Nestor Allgas, Luciana Oklander, and Brooke Aldrich for their help with data gathering and manuscript preparation. Data and observations presented from my own surveys of Aotus spp. were from projects funded by the Neotropical Primate Conservation through various research grants from the American Society of Primatologists, Apenheul Primate Conservation Trust, Conservatoire pour la Protection des Primates, Idea Wild, International Primate Protection League, International Primatological Society, Primate Conservation, Inc., Primate Society of Great Britain, and Wild Futures.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neotropical Primate Conservation, Looe Hill, Seaton, Cornwall, UK

    Sam Shanee

  2. Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

    Sam Shanee

Authors
  1. Sam Shanee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sam Shanee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropologyand School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Shanee, S. (2023). Threats and Conservation of Owl Monkeys (Aotus spp.) in the Andes. In: Fernandez-Duque, E. (eds) Owl Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13555-2_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation